Understanding counselling theory. Essay example - 1389 Words

Macclesfield College ABC Level 3 Certificate in Counselling Skills Assignment 2 Understanding counselling theory. Unit 2- R/601/7575 Hana Lewis- 144383 ABC 17970-33 Contents Page 3 : Introduction. (157 words) Page 3 : Origins of Person- centred counselling (198 words) Page 4: Key concepts and principles of Person- centred counselling. (288 words) Page 5 : How does Person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? (245 words) Page 6 : How does person-centred approach inform counselling practice? (267 words) Page 8-10: Key features and comparison of different models, with the person-centred model. (400 words) Page 11 : Conclusion. (200 words) Page 12: References†¦show more content†¦Locus of evaluation, the external locus of evaluation, is a reliance on externals for guidance and affirmation, characterised by ‘shoulds’ and ‘oughts’ and difficulty making decisions. The internal locus of evaluation, is the ability to trust our own self and own valuing system, less influenced by others opinions. The main principles of person centred model are the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. They are vital for building a safe therapeutic relationship, in which the client can explore fully. How does person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? Carl Rogers believed that; ‘clients become empowered to find their own solutions and their own unique, personally meaningful path through life.’ One theory of his client centred psychotherapy was based on the idea that; ‘every person has within an acorn, able to grow into a certain kind of tree, a blueprint for a unique life’ Rogers worked with many others in developing the idea that clients could heal themselves, if only the therapist provided ‘facilitative’ or core conditions of, ‘empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard.’ Rogers used the symbolism of concept of self, being like a plant given water, soil, sun, and fertilizer. In these optimum or ‘facilitative’ conditions the client concept of self can grow and unfold like the plant. The client wouldShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Counselling Theories1374 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Counselling Theories 1a The B.A.C.P (British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy) define counselling as ‘the skilled use of the relationship (between counsellor and client) to help the client develop self-knowledge, self-esteem and the ability to take control of his or her own life’. 1b Counselling is based on a therapeutic relationship, whereby the counsellor using their skills and knowledge to help the client to explore and understand their difficulties. This is done inRead MoreCounselling And Psychotherapeutic Theory Of Understanding Human Development2153 Words   |  9 PagesCounselling and psychotherapeutic theory is a way of understanding human development and experiences in relation to the environment. Each theory is based on a set of principles and concepts that have been derived from observable behaviour. However, each theory has identified limitations and no single theory is appropriate for all clients or all presenting issues. Psychotherapeutic integration is combining different theories and/or techniques to create a more comprehensive and complete outcome forRead Morecounselling theory essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Unit 2: Introduction to Counselling Skills Theories Theory Essay Written Introduction In this essay I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic theory, Person-Centred theory and Cognitive-Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end with my conclusion. 1.1 Key elements of psychodynamic theory Dr Sigmud Freud (1856-1939), isRead MorePsychodynamic Counselling Overview Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesPsychodynamic Counselling – Overview. Psychodynamic counselling has a long history and vast literature to condense so only a brief overview is possible here – following on from the themes already discussed and with particular focus on four psychologists: Freud, Jung, Adler and Klein. â€Å"The primary purpose of psychodynamic counselling is to help clients make sense of current situations; of memories associated with present experience, some of which spring readily to mind, others which may riseRead MoreReflective Reflection Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent theories and ways of practising exist for counsellors, with reflective practice becoming more popular amongst practitioners. Dallos, Stedmon (2009) state that for professionals working directly with people, such as counsellors, reflective practice has quickly developed into a fundamental component of training, and the best practice for creating successful outcomes. This essay will focus on how reflective practice is critical for professional life, and how the use of reflection and theory canRead MoreThe Profession Of Counselling Psychology1582 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The profession of counselling psychology has developed hugely during the past decade, this paper aims to provide a concise and general exploration of the nature of counselling psychology, it’s development history, where it stands among other traditional approaches, and how disciplines of psychology is linked with a range of models of psychotherapy. In 1982 counselling psychology started developing as a section within the British Psychological Society, and in 1994 it was then recognizedRead MoreDescribe How Current Counselling and Psychotherapy Practices Emerged from Psychiatry and Psychology.1226 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent counselling and psychotherapy practice emerged from psychiatry and psychology. Use critical evaluation of theoretical evidence to support discussion points. 2, Analyse the similarities and differences between psychotherapy and counselling practices using evidence, aims and objectives relevant to practice and therapeutic need. Counselling and psychotherapy are very different areas of speciality than psychiatry or psychology. Yet it is from these two health practices that counselling and psychotherapyRead MoreSocial Control And Social Influence1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand law enforcement agents such as: police, military, and other city, state, and federal agencies. This form of control is set in place to prevent chaos in society. Theories of social control have been used to define and explain how the behaviours and actions of a person could be controlled by social agents (Dixon, 2015). These theories have been used by certain interactionists, functionalists, Marxists and post-structuralist to understand the way in which social norms and order is defined and maintainedRead Moreâ€Å"Compare and Contrast the Different Ways the Person-Centred and Cognitive- Behavioural Approaches to Counselling Understand and Make Use of the Counselling Relationship†1559 Words   |  7 Pagescognitive- behavioural approaches to counselling understand and make use of the counselling relationship†    This essay is written to compare the counselling relationship in person-centred and cognitive-behavioural counselling by outlining both the theory and practice of the counselling relationship. This will be done by outlining the theory of the counselling relationships and the theory in practice. Both person-centred and cognitive-behavioural counselling are widely recognised, successful treatmentsRead MoreReflective Essay On Counselling1690 Words   |  7 PagesThis reflective essay will try and develop an understanding of the experiences and theory that has been applied to a counselling roleplay and applied content over the duration of the module. Furthermore, identifying what has been covered and what has not been covered in the roleplay, its strengths, weaknesses, what needs developing and how it can help as counsellors within the field. The first topic will reflect on the skills and attributes that have been applied to the roleplay and how it has been

Differences Between Object And Colour Essay - 1667 Words

Assignment 2 Discerned as the most common essences in the society, object and colour they are interrelated. Substantially,the correlations are inevitable. Therefore it is not easy to address the works from these aspects instead I would like to address the prominent elements of each work to elaborate more on it. It might be confusing yet this is one of the problem that I strive to tease out because both object and colour are not authorised a declaration. They do not have the perfect exemplification to explain thoroughly unlike science fomula Intrinsic complexity ‘defies linguistic description, and its intense engagement of feeling and sensitivity to context. whereby the architectural space becomes the arena for an experience that melds physical and immaterial/mental coordinates. What their work has in common is an immersion in the present and the displacement of cognition by experience. é   ­Nowadays we might be confronting with the situation that We put our own side of asthetic opinions on to objests so much that we do not think of what their intrinsic vales truly are, or the impact they actually bring us nor their relationships between the environment! For the Turner Prize exhibition The main piece of work of Karla Black is called Doesn t Care In Words(2011), a hanging sculpture made of cellophane, paint, sugar paper, chalk, plaster powder, powder paint, sellotape, cosmetics, paint, vaseline as well as moisturising cream. Bath bombs are scattered withShow MoreRelatedDifferent Methods For Transfer Energy From One Source1119 Words   |  5 PagesConduction, Convection and Radiation are three different methods to transfer energy from one source, such as an object, to another. The method of conduction takes place when atoms or molecules move at a higher speed after heat is absorbed at the surface. In doing this, the particles bump into each other, transferring their energy. This allows heat energy to be passed through the object until the heat source is removed. Convection is the flow of molecules or atoms through a fluid state such as liquidRead MoreThe Importance Of A Fashion Competition At Tauranga Cbd At Baycourt Theatre Essay135 8 Words   |  6 Pagesgarment are: colour, texture, line. This contributed to my final design. I chose to include more than one design element because I didn’t want to focus on just one design element. The other design elements which I have not used are: value, shape I chose not to use these design elements as they did not fit with my design or were out of my skill level. Design Elements: Colour â€Å"Colour is produced by light reflecting off a surface being perceived by the eye†. There are three groups of colours PrimaryRead MoreThe Self Portrait Art Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality and life experiences in their self-portraits are Frida Kahlo and Ben Quilty. Many of their artistic techniques can be derived from the same origins. Whilst there are similarities in self-portraits by any artist usually, you will find differences the norm. After all, this is what makes art and art form. Frida Kahlo, one of many world renowned artists from the 1930s, was a revolutionary. 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With the arrival of the TV repair man we get more sense of the sci-fi genreRead MoreAutomation and Intelligence Have Changed Agriculture1699 Words   |  7 Pagesaerial based systems for fruit detection and harvesting. Machine vision in harvesting is broadly based on visual cues and properties of fruit. Machine vision based systems have an advantage as apart from recognition of colour, texture and shape of any object, numerical points for the object are also defined. The aim of fruit detection is characterized by the following desirable outcomes: 1. Detection of each distinct fruit. 2. Discrimination of the detected fruit from the other parts of the foliageRead MoreFacial Recognition And Thatcher Effect1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof their faces, and their facial features (Nugent, 2017). However facial recognition is not the only form of recognition humans can use; object recognition although very different from facial recognition allows for human beings to identify an object from a photograph, or the object being described to them, they are aware of the pattern and structure of the object. Facial recognition isn’t simply just recognizing a face and knowing who that person is. We perceive faces as whole not as a collectionRead More Discuss Fitzgerald’s use of symbols within The Great Gatsby.1018 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss Fitzgerald’s use of symbols within The Great Gatsby. Throughout his novel ‘The Great Gatsby’, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism. Symbols are objects, characters, figures or colours used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. The first symbol we see appears at the end of Chapter one. It is a green light, situated at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s East Egg dock and is only just visible from Gatsby’s expansive West Egg back garden. 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The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 3 Free Essays

â€Å"Spring is in the air,† Melanie said to Cassie and Laurel, closing her gray eyes momentarily and taking a deep breath in. â€Å"You can almost smell it, can’t you?† Cassie slammed her locker shut and inhaled, but all she could smell was the same school hallway scent of sweat, paper, and ammonia. â€Å"It was a rough winter,† Laurel said. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think that has something to do with it.† She had adorned herself appropriately this morning in a floral-print dress. â€Å"The spring equinox festival is going to be huge this year.† There was a bustling excitement to their surroundings – voices seemed louder, footsteps quicker, everyone appeared more lively and animated – everyone had spring fever. Then Cassie remembered that the new principal was being announced at this morning’s assembly. Maybe that was the source of all the new energy in the air? She was eager to meet the man who would be in charge of their school, especially after their last principal turned out to be Black John in disguise. But Melanie and Laurel were probably right – it was this weekend’s spring festival that had everyone keyed up. Their schoolmates were all planning their outfits and debating over who’d be a worthy date. Nobody cared who the new principal was. â€Å"It’s a good sign,† Melanie said. â€Å"A celebration of new beginnings is just what this town needs.† Cassie wanted to be as excited as everyone about the coming spring, but her heart felt heavy in her chest. Her disastrous attempt to talk to her mother the previous night was still weighing on her. Just then Chris and Doug Henderson swept by on Roll erblades, laughing as they tore through the crowded hallway. Their forward momentum blew their disheveled blond hair back from their identical blue-green eyes. They slowed down only to hand out star-shaped flowers to whichever pretty girls they passed. Suzan, carrying a wicker basket full of the flowers, jogged behind them to keep them supplied. â€Å"What the heck was that?† Cassie asked. â€Å"Chionodoxa luciliae,† Laurel said. Melanie gave Laurel a shove. â€Å"In English.† â€Å"Sorry.† Laurel smiled. â€Å"Those blue flowers. They’re called glory-of-the-snow. They’re one of the first signs of spring.† It occurred to Cassie then that even the Henderson twins, who’d lost their sister, Kori, just last fall, were embracing the new season. She could try a little harder to have a more positive outlook. â€Å"I think I’ve seen those flowers,† she said. â€Å"They’re in the rock garden behind the gymnasium.† â€Å"Not anymore they’re not,† Sean said, laughing loudly. He walked toward them with a bouquet of the blue flowers in his skinny outstretched hand and hesitantly offered them to Cassie. â€Å"Thanks, Sean,† Cassie said, but before she could accept the bouquet, Faye stepped in and swiped it from accept the bouquet, Faye stepped in and swiped it from Sean’s hand. She sniffed at the buds and then shoved them back onto Sean’s chest. â€Å"Run along to the assembly and find some other pathetic girl to give those to,† she said. Then she turned to Cassie. â€Å"I need a word with you.† Faye was wearing all black, as she often did, but her outfit today was tighter and more revealing than usual. Cassie gave a nod to Melanie and Laurel. â€Å"It’s okay,† she said. â€Å"Go ahead to the auditorium. I’ll see you there.† She’d promised herself she would show no fear to Faye, no matter what. She couldn’t allow herself to be afraid to be alone with her, especially at school, where it was safe to assume she’d be protected from any abuse Faye could inflict upon her. Faye, of course, wasted no time making her point. â€Å"I know you’re new to this whole leader thing,† she told Cassie. â€Å"But even you should recognize you won’t be able to play fair for long.† â€Å"I don’t know what you’re talking about.† Faye scoffed, like it was beneath her to have to explain herself. â€Å"Don’t play innocent with me, Cassie. It doesn’t work.† Cassie glanced up and down the empty hallway and put her hands on her hips. â€Å"If you actually have something to say to me, Faye, then say it. But if you’re just trying to intimidate me, you’re not succeeding.† â€Å"Liar.† Faye reached out to lightly brush aside the few strands of hair that had fall en in front of Cassie’s eyes, and Cassie jumped back. Faye smiled. â€Å"Here’s what I have to say. Power always Faye smiled. â€Å"Here’s what I have to say. Power always creates enemies. It divides people into two types, good and bad. If you really want to be a leader of this Circle, then you need to pick a side.† Cassie remembered Diana once saying that power was only power – it wasn’t good or bad. Only the way we use it is good or bad, she’d said. But even Diana had changed her opinion about this. â€Å"I’ve already chosen a side,† Cassie said. The star ruby around Faye’s neck glistened. It was the same color as her lipstick. â€Å"No, you haven’t,† she said. â€Å"There’s something in you that proves you’re daddy’s little girl. You can feel it inside you. A darkness. I know you can.† Cassie hugged her books tighter to her chest. â€Å"You don’t know anything.† â€Å"Isn’t it exhausting trying so hard to emulate Diana when really you’re just like me?† â€Å"No. Because I’m nothing like you.† Faye let out a deep, throaty laugh and took a step back. She’d accomplished what she’d intended. Cassie was significantly rattled. â€Å"Better hurry up,† she said. â€Å"You don’t want to be late to the assembly.† She pulled a tube of lipstick from her bag and applied another slash of dark pigment to her lips. â€Å"Want some?† She held the bloodred tube out to Cassie. â€Å"I think it’s your color.† In a flash of anger Cassie thought to swat the lipstick right out of Faye’s hand. But that would be giving her exactly what she wanted. She was trying to push Cassie into giving in to her lowest impulses, to be as brash and reckless as she was. But Cassie wouldn’t do it. She wouldn’t give Faye that satisfaction. Instead, she turned her back on her, and when she did, she caught sight of someone she hadn’t seen before. A boy. Faye noticed him, too. Together, they watched him walk up the hallway. He was tall and muscular with light brown hair, and he must have just finished working out, because he was wearing warm-ups and sneakers. He carried a gym bag in one hand and a lacrosse stick in the other. â€Å"That boy is gorgeous.† Faye capped her lipstick and stuffed it into her purse. â€Å"You know how I love those sweaty jocks.† Cassie rolled her eyes. Faye immediately approached the boy to stake her claim. â€Å"Are you lost?† she called out to him. â€Å"I can help you find your way.† His head shot up when he realized he was being spoken to. Cassie saw that his eyes were green like emeralds, as beautiful as Diana’s. â€Å"No, thank you,† he said, in a voice both rugged and cocky. â€Å"I know where I’m heading.† â€Å"To that boring assembly?† Faye wasn’t about to give up that easy. â€Å"In that case, I can help you lose your way.† That got a smile out of him, but he directed it at Cassie. â€Å"Hi,† he said. â€Å"I’m Max.† â€Å"This is Faye,† Cassie said, returning Max’s grin. â€Å"She’s glad to meet you.† Max dropped his gym bag onto the floor and shook Faye’s hand in a way that made it obvious he was used to girls fawning over him. â€Å"Cassie,† Faye said, still holding Max’s thick hand in hers. â€Å"Won’t Adam be waiting for you at the assembly? You should probably get going.† Cassie nodded. â€Å"She’s right. I should.† As Cassie turned away, she heard Max call after her, â€Å"See you in there.† Cassie made it into the auditorium just in time for the welcoming ceremony. She was relieved to find Adam waving her over to where he was seated in the last row. The auditorium was more crowded than she had ever seen it. Groups of students were crammed in the back and up each exit row. The humming excitement Cassie picked up on in the hallway had carried over here, where it heightened like rough water constrained by a dam. But once Mr. Humphries tapped on the microphone to quiet the crowd and make some announcements, that restless energy died down to a low-level boredom. Assemblies were always fun until the assembly part. Cassie let her eyes roam over the crowd. She found Diana all the way up front, seated with her AP English class. Melanie and Laurel had joined Suzan, Sean, and the Henderson brothers in the center rows about midway from the stage. And Deborah and Nick were just a few rows behind them. Cassie noticed that none of them looked concerned. They appeared as bored and apathetic as the rest of the school. Was she the only one still reeling from the last assembly they had to welcome a principal? Were they all just faking it, trying to put their best faces forward? Or was everyone really that much better at moving on than Cassie? Sally Waltman and Portia Bainbridge were sitting in their cluster of cheerleaders. Sally’s rust-colored hair stood out from the rest of her mostly blonde friends, so she was easy to spot in their crowd. She was laughing at something Portia was saying, probably making fun of someone, like she always did. The Circle had come to an uneasy truce with Portia and her brothers, but Cassie still didn’t like her. â€Å"You okay?† Adam asked when Cassie settled into her seat. â€Å"You’ve got that I-just-had-a-Faye-encounter look.† â€Å"I’m fine. Faye was getting up in my face, but then a hot boy walked by, and she forgot all about me.† â€Å"That’s our Faye.† Adam took Cassie’s hand in his and squeezed it. â€Å"Who was the boy?† â€Å"I don’t know, someone new. His name was Max.† Cassie searched the auditorium for Faye and found her standing in the corner talking to Max – talking at him was more like it. He leaned with both hands on his lacrosse stick, like he might fall over from boredom if it weren’t holding him up. Cassie shifted her attention to the man she assumed was the new principal waiting off to the side. He wore a finely cut dark suit and had salt-and-pepper hair. He was tall, with broad shoulders, and kept his hands clasped behind his back. He was handsome, the way Mr. Brunswick had been handsome. Weak applause welcomed him to the stage. â€Å"Thank you,† he said, as he adjusted the microphone. â€Å"I’m Mr. Boylan, and it’s a pleasure to make your acquaintance.† His voice was deeper than Cassie had expected it to be. His outer appearance was dapper and elegant, but he had the voice of a lumberjack – it had a toughness to it, a grit, and the slightest hint of an accent she couldn’t place. A shiver ran down her spine. No, Cassie thought to herself. You’re being paranoid. Just because Mr. Brunswick turned out to be evil doesn’t mean Mr. Boylan will. She figured she must have been suffering from some kind of post-traumatic stress, the way soldiers returned from wars startled at every harmless loud sound they heard. But as Mr. Boylan continued speaking, every muscle in Cassie’s body tightened in defense. She glanced at Adam to see if he sensed anything off about the principal, too, but he was calmly watching the stage with no expression of alarm. â€Å"Thank you all for your gracious welcome,† Mr. Boylan said. â€Å"I hope you’ll do the same for my son, who will also be a student here.† He pointed to the far corner, where Max was still leaning on his lacrosse stick, staring straight ahead. Adam and Cassie looked at each other simultaneously. Neither of them had to say it. Of course. Faye’s new crush was the principal’s son. Faye was smirking behind him, watching the back of his head as if she could burn a hole through it with her desire. When she caught Cassie watching, she puckered her lips into a kiss and blew it Cassie’s way. Then she stuck out her tongue, pretending she might lick the back of Max’s neck. â€Å"This can’t be good,† Cassie said. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 3, Essay examples

Sample Introduction Paragraph On Renaissance Art Essay Example For Students

Sample Introduction Paragraph On Renaissance Art Essay Renaissance Art The Renaissance is studded by the names of the artists and architects, with their creations recorded as great historical events (Arthur, 2008). The Renaissance was an epoch of great art and literature, and was a period of time when people shifted away from the ideas and traditions of the Middle Ages. Many of the most prominent educators, artists and architects were from this period. Artworks dating from the 1 5th century to the 16th century, during the Renaissance era, express ideas of individualism, imitations of classical antiquity and the understanding of proportions and realism. Michelangelo David, the self-portrait of Raphael, and Leonardo dad Vines Mona Lisa depicts the idea of individualism. Unlike the paintings during the Middle Ages that mostly contained religious themes that glorified God, the works of these artists focused on the potential of man, and each of them had their own unique style that showed their different talents and capabilities. Art in the Renaissance brought out the individual (Scotsman, 2008). Michelangelo sculpture, David (1501-1504) shows he idea of an ideal Renaissance male. The sculpture is shaped into a physically perfect man who stands in a confident manner. This symbolizes that mans capacity for personal development is unlimited; knowledge and a broad range of abilities are within every mans reach (How To Be, 2008). A self-portrait of Raphael (1504-1506) also shows how individualism was valued during the Renaissance. Repeals self- portrait of himself portrays the idea of self-glorification (Scotsman, 2008). Leonardo used many of his own novel techniques and ideas to paint Mona Lisa. The way the objects eyes were painted, the way the subjects mouth curved into a subtle smile, and the landscape behind the subject that appears to be a fictional place gave the painting its uniqueness (The Mona Lisa, 2009). Many of the artists during the Renaissance focused on individuality and on painting in their own unique styles to portray the potential of human beings. Imitation of classical antiquity can be seen in renowned artworks such as Leonardo dad Vines Vitiation Man (1490), and Repeals The School of Athens (1509-1510). Both of artists studied the findings and observations of the Romans and Greeks, and used them as a reference to create their own works of art. The Vitiation Man was sketched by Leonardo dad Vinci in honor of the Roman architect Vitreous. Dad Vinci used Vitreouss ideas of perception and proportion to create the sketch (Vitiation Man, 2012). He read the ancient Roman texts and combined it with his actual observations of the human body. Repeals The School of Athens is a painting that exhibited many well-educated Greek scholars and educators. Plato and Aristotle are painted right in the center of the painting with Socrates on top of the staircases The School of Athens, 2012). Many artists during the Renaissance looked back into the works of their ancestors, combined the ideas of the past and present to create The proportions and realistic features that can be seen in Michelangelo The Creation of Adam (1 51 1), and Leonardo dad Vines Vitiation Man (1490), is one of the factors that define Renaissance artwork. Both Michelangelo and Dad Vinci studied the human anatomy to produce more realistic artworks. In The Creation of Adam, God is resting on the outline of the human brain (Hall, 2013). All the figures in the painting ad depth and perspective. Leonardo sketch of the Vitiation Man was carefully proportioned. The length of the outspread arms were equal to the figures height and the length of hand is one-tenth of the height. The sketch also shows the symmetry of the human body. The artists during the Renaissance focused greatly on realism, painting all their artworks with great detail of every part of the human body. The Renaissance was a period of time when artworks shifted away from only focusing on religion to representing individualism, classical antiquity, and irrespective and realism.

Swot Analysis of Nestle Essay Example

Swot Analysis of Nestle Essay The target market of Nestle MilkPak is upper middle and high class because lower middle and poor class cannot afford to buy UHT milk due to its premium price. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a main weakness of MilkPak that there are different companies of milk but the name of nestle MilkPak is always stand in the last because of low advertising and marketing. OPPORTUNITIES:- †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are substantial growth opportunities considering the average yield of Pakistani animals at only 1,100 liters/annum as compared to 6,000 liters/annum for animals in Europe and USA. There are nearly 20 million milk producing animals in the country, mostly in Punjab (80%). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The overall milk market in Pakistan is 20 billion liters, out of which processed milk contributes only 3 million liters. Nestle MilkPak along with other processed milk businesses contribute only 2% to this large market. Nestle MilkPak has expanded its product range by entering the cold dairy market recently by launching Nestle plain yogurt and now fruit yogurt is also added to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To expand the cold dairy products range, Nestle fruit yogurt is the latest addition to this group. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cold dairy market offers many opportunities for the company which can capitalize these products by banking on its superior quality milk. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The coffee brand also offers many opportunities for the company to expand by tuning the taste of the masses towards coffee. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Nestle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Nestle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Nestle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Credit policy can be adopted to increase sales. †¢ Increase advertisement can help growing market share. Cost effectiveness if maintained can increase sell of the product. THREATS:- †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price fluctuations due to rupee devaluation as raw material are imported. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The uncertainty of economic conditions poses a great threat as the major funds invested in the country come from outside Pakistan. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present economic crisis in the world, led to the withdrawal of foreign management from the company and the investment has come to a halt. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition with Nestle’s owns smuggled brands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effect of Seasonality’s upon sales. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imported raw material, in some of the company’s products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market segment growth could attract new entrants. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic slow down can reduce demand. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two main competitors Haleeb and Olpers are main threat for MilkPak especially the Olpers is growing very fast. †¢ Inflation is getting higher and higher so the purchasing power of the people is decreasing day by day. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no entry barrier for new entrants as the Olpers has come in the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taste of consumer has already developed which is hard to change. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current market situation SWOT Analysis Nestle Milkpak Strengths: †¢ Strong Brand image †¢ Quality Milk †¢ Milkpak is known as the best UHT milk in Pakistan due to consistency in quality. †¢ Focus on research and development Weaknesses †¢ Very low Marketing Campaigns Opportunities Milkpak brand may get entire or about entire market share by availing opportunities in Market that includes †¢ Health Conscious people †¢ Increased knowledge of health Competitors are not having any Ad campaign right now Threats †¢ Competitors may get better time and space in different Media There is no loyalty for as far as milk is considered. †¢ Quality is not being satisfied and taste as well by new comers. †¢ They can start their marketing Campaign and Milkpak may loose market share †¢ Nestle is facing the problem that is regarding the quality of milk. It is being perceive that infant or child belonging to poor family who use low quantity of milk then required in daily use are getting affected. Price is also a factor. Milkpak comprises 50% of profit of firm. That’s why price compromise can not be done. †¢ Firm is not advertising the milkpak on its official web site in first view although it is giving highest profit to firm. †¢ High collection of milk is required along with the presence of competitors. †¢ Credit system is not possible for firm as being given by local loose milk producer. †¢ Nestle is operating in a number of dairy products and milk allocation is first settled for other brand and then for milkpak.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)In 1979, Dr. Norman Rosenthal moved from his home in South Africa to New York. Over a short period of time he found that the short days, compared with those in South Africa, were affecting his energy levels, and that these feelings would usually persist until spring. In 1984 at the National Institute for Mental Health, this one doctor's brush with seasonally induced depression began the study of what is commonly called winter blues, or more clinically, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).What is it and who gets it?Affecting approximately 5% of the US population SAD is a seasonally induced depressive disorder that manifests itself during the darker months of the year, typically between October and April, with symptoms often completely abating shortly thereafter. A person with SAD has problems responding to the seasonal changes in light. Though nearly anyone can potentially be affected, the prototypical SAD patient is a woman in her 20's or 30's living in a far northern climate experiencing feelings of anxiety and fatigue.seasonal affective disorderIn order to meet the clinical definition of suffering from SAD, a person must exhibit the symptoms through two consecutive winters. (Morano, 2003)Americans are more than twice as likely than European to have SAD. This can be the result of several factors, including cultural response biases, genetic differences, seasonality and climatic variations. (Lam, 2002) Women are also more than 4 times as likely as men to exhibit symptoms of SAD. (Hardy, 2004) Children of SAD sufferers are also likely to suffer from SAD, as this order is believed to be genetic, and hereditary.SAD definitely has a stronger prevalence as you move into northern climates, but studies have only shown this prevalence to be modest (Lam, 2002).SymptomsSAD tends to generate a 'hibernation-like response' (Morano,

Ethical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical analysis - Essay Example The treating physician has to maximize the benefits and decrease the harm for his/her patient .However, there are times when the physician, the patient and/or patient`s family might find it difficult to proceed; due to the fact that harm and benefit are not in a balance. In the case of J.R., the patient was complaining of leg pain for which he sought medical consultation. Further, the medical consultation resulted in a recommendation for a bone biopsy; a biopsy which showed bone cancer. The physician decided to start the treatment immediately. The treatment was chemotherapy with a chance of leg amputation. But it was not clear what was the probability of amputation. Considering the medical situation, a decision to disclose the information regarding the treatment plan with a chance of leg amputation will result in a psychological harm to the patient. The harm is that the patient knows the diagnosis before the graduation. Another harm would be expected when the patient gains an access to his lab results and knows the diagnosis by himself. This will prevent the patient from enjoying the graduation. The physician is facing a challenge to his duty in truth telling. This quadrant is derived directly from the ethical principle of respect for patient autonomy. Furthermore, this deals with what the patient prefers if he is competent and his presumed wishes if he is not competent. J.R. is a competent adult. This is clear when the treating physician had obtained J.R permission to speak to his parents after the surgery.This suggest that the physician had assessed the capability of J.R and realized that the patient has the right for confidentiality and to choose whom to share the medical information with. What is the preference of this capable adult? This is unknown with regards to this particular case; however, it is related that the mother`s preference is to let her son fully enjoy the graduation which will not be possible if

Managerial Accounting and Business Analysis Essay

Managerial Accounting and Business Analysis - Essay Example 220.65 Over draft Bank Balance &cash 100 354.01 1701.67 Total current assets 100 133.05 65.96 Total fixed assets 100 377.74 187.27 Total assets 100 56,91 66.17 Account payables 100 117.67 0.32 Retained income 100 216.71 130.16 Total liabilities and equity 100 156.68 188.85 Income Report for Bell way Plc Figures in million of pounds 2003 000 000 2004 2005 Turnover 954,197 1,092,571 1,178,063 Gross Income 739,479 829,598 280,402 Trading income 172,762 213,277 229,448 Interest received 1,427 1,361 2,267 Earnings before interest and tax 169,251 205,530 218,163 Interest paid 5,811 10,477 13,474 Taxation 50,687 61,700 65,400 Earnings after tax 169,251 205,530 152,763 Dividends 24,166 29,864 37,137 Retained income for the year 94,398 113,971 115,620 Balance sheet for Bell way Plc. 2003 2004 2005 Assets 16,200 16,673 16,203 Stock 478,935 587,635 Over draft Bank Balance &cash 3,468 4,926 703,048 Total current assets 482,327 590,246 697,649 Total fixed assets 16,200 16,200 697,649 Total assets 482,327 590,246 681,446 Account payables Retained income 94,398 113,971 115,626 Total liabilities and equity 482,327 590,246 697,649 If the above results are converted into indexed values form the following results can be obtained. 2003 2004 2005 Assets 100 102.47 109.26 Stock 100 119.56 145.27 Account receivables 100 100100 Over draft Bank Balance &cash 100 135.83... Recommendation according to horizontal analysis: Though the investment decision cannot be taken only on comparison it can serve as one of the criteria. In case of two companies the profits and turnover had shown a trend of increasing. The total current assets of the Telford was not showing consistent trend when compared to Bell way Plc. The account payables in the 2006 were less for Telford and thus it maintained a increase trend in profit. But the decrease in account payables may show affect in the coming year and the increase trend may not be this much stronger. In contrast to Telford the Bell way was increasing the current assets along with account payables done and still maintaining the increasing trend of profit. This tells us about the good marketing, payment, asset increasing and profit retaining strategies and according to comparison it is advisable to invest in Bell Way According to vertical analysis the items in the income account were calculated as the percentage of turnover. This tells us about the healthy and unhealthy trends of profit making, the company is experiencing. In vertical analysis it can be observed that the bank balance, current assets were not following a healthy trend in case of Telford Plc. The liquidation of assets was maintained as cash in telford.

Community based corrections, a issue that is most critical today, Essay

Community based corrections, a issue that is most critical today, - Essay Example As well, there is a demonstration of the valuing of diversity in the organization and the environmental trends faced. This serves as a good example of community based corrections, an issues that is most critical in the present day. Introduction: Characteristics and Environments of Medicare Program In a community, it is necessary to have all needs exampleof the people catered for. In an urban setting, there are very many needs which have to be considered and be put in place. For instance, in a city of five thousand people, it is necessary to have all considerations put in place in a manner which solves the major needs and requirements for all. Whenever planning a new urban setting, all human needs should be appropriately considered. The major needs in such a setting include water availability, electricity, sanitation, health services, jobs, building types, transportation systems, and recreational land. These are some of the issues every community faces in the recent period. However, i n this paper we will examine certain programs, which are symbolic of the issues being faced recently. The use of examples and relevant illustrations as well as organizations has been cited to shed light on the issue accordingly. Human service organizations should be able to come up with appropriate programs and environments which have the capability of meeting the basic needs for the clients and the society in particular. This can be achieved through having intellectual characteristics which shall help in building a better environment which promotes the human services being offered from the organization (Brian, 2009). For instance, the Medicaid and Medicare programs in the United States are very important in ensuring that the country has been given within the necessary services. Generally, there is a very big importance with the appropriateness of characteristics and environment for all human service organizations (Medicare Program, 2008). This paper will thus discuss in details the characteristics and the environment of Medicare Program in United States of America. Medicare Vision and Mission For any kind of organization which is offering human services such as the Medicare Program, there is a very big necessity of coming up with appropriate missions and visions statement which keep a good characteristic and a better environment for the organization. This as well ensures that proper operations being done in the organization are always aimed in the realization of the organization’s goals and objectives (Taylor, 2008). The Vision of Medicare has been the provision of a program which has to be of high quality, purely equitable as well as a sustainable health program which shall meet the needs and expressions of all the people in United States. Such a vision has been playing a major role in elevating the services which are on offer by the organization (Marmor, 2000). The Mission as well has been in making sure that the best voice and care has been given to all the people of the country and as well strengthen the health care system of the country through improved healthcare access and equitable future health care for all. Medicare Organization: Governance and Staffing In this organization, governance and staffing have been seriously undertaken in order to ensure that the right environment has been created which sees all the people being given the necessary

Marketing Strategy for Low Income Consumers

Marketing Strategy for Low Income Consumers After evaluating the Case Study Unilever in Brazil(1997-2007): Marketing Strategies for low-income consumers the following points are credible. After the long recession period Brazils economy is growing and that is reflected on consumers purchasing power(Increased by 27% for the poorest 10%) and market is also growing with 17% annual rate. After analysing various options, I think it would be beneficial for Unilever to choose a strategy for Market development by introducing existing brand from its Latin American portfolio like Ala. New Marketing Mix should consist Good Quality, Low Price, Attractive packaging, Specialized Distribution system and Promotion. Changes in a new marketing strategy is urgently required for Unilever as PG is very aggressively reactive (By acquisition, re-imagining and re-positioning of brands.) Ala should be priced $1.55/Kg (Approx) and should be launched in both box and sachet packing. Sachet packing will be offered with free extra quantity due to cheap packaing cost. We can introduce 2kg 3kg bags with attractive price. Unilever should introduce a new distribution management system that includes both Generalist Wholesaler and Specialized Distributors. Unilever need to build direct relationship with 75,000 small shops by giving credit and incentive. Unilever also be having an option to start production of Ala in NE region, as government is providing lot of tax Incentives that will help Unilever to produce at low cost. Consumer Behaviour Like any other country Brazilian consumers also have their own beliefs, values and lifestyle. Washing is one of the major activity for women in NE and various sentiments and emotions like pride, care, pleasure and satisfaction are attached to it. Washing is a medium of socializing for women in NE, because only 28% household own a washing machine and mostly they wash their clothes in a public laundry, river or pond. Women in NE wash clothes using laundry soap and around 73% thinks that for cleaning clothes bleach is necessary. Current usage of detergent powder is just for giving good smell to clothes. Decision making process for buying a detergent powder in NE is based on several criteria as shown in Table 1. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.155) Table 1: Evaluation Criteria [Source: Exhibit 5 : Unilever in Brazil Case Study] 30% (51.06 Million) of Brazils population earn less than $125 a month. More specifically 25.4miliion in NE and 25.62 Million in the SE.NE consumers are very price sensitive. Diagram 1 Around 40% of Northeast population is illiterate and they generally buy products on the recommendation of local shopkeepers, word of mouth, television advertisements, visual identity and graphics. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.158) In spite of low Income, NE consumers are very self esteemed and sensitive about their social status and cleanliness, so they wash clothes more frequently 5 times a week compare to 3.9 times a week in SE. Washing can be considered as Ego need (Higher-Level Need) for NE consumers according to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow (1970) in his study of Consumer behavior proposed a Hierarchy of Needs and related Products. And refereed Self esteem as Ego based need. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.161) Physiological Need (Water, Food, Sleep) Safety Need (Security, Shelter) Belongingness (Love, Friendship, relationships) Ego Needs (Prestige, status, self esteem) Self Actualization Higher -Level Needs Lower-Level Needs NE Customers needs with respect to washing is more Ego based (Pride, Self Esteem Status) Diagram 2: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and related Products (Maslow, 1970) [Adapted and modified from Solomon et al (2009), Marketing Real People,Real Decisions,Page 161.] Market Analysis Major Brands in Market Unilever is a Market leader in Brazils detergent powder market with 81% Market share followed by PG with 15% market Other local brands(4%). In Northeast region Unilever is having 75% market share followed by PG 17.5% and others with 7.5% market share. NE Detergent powder market is growing with 17% annual growth. Table 2: Main Players in NE Detergent Market [Source: Exhibit 7 : Unilever in Brazil Case Study] But unlike NE Detergent powder market, Laundry market ($102 Million, 81,250 tons) is totally different and growing with 6% annual growth, Unilever is a market leader in Laundry soap market as well with one brand Minerva (19% market share) and major competitor for Unilever is ASA with a brand Bem-te-vi (11% market share). Table 3: Main Players in NE Laundry Soap Market [Source: Exhibit 7 : Unilever in Brazil Case Study] Strategic Competitive Analysis Unilever has segmented market by geo-demographic segmentation based on Income(High Income Low Income) and geographic locations (SE NE) and currently targeting the high income consumers in SE.(Solomon et al, 2009 p.215-220) Unilever has positioned their products in market with respect to various key features of products like Omo with remove stain with low quantity, Minerva with Emotional appeal and Pleasant smell and Campeiro with Low cost. Whereas PG has started reacting very aggressively after taking in consideration of growing Brazils economy by acquiring Quanto, Odd Faces and Pop from Bomrill. And after making some manufacturing changes, launched Quanto as Ace, Odd Faces as Bold and kept Pop (the low price brand) unchanged. PG positioned their products like Ace with Whiteness, Bold with Softness and Pop with low cost. Table 4: Current Strategies of Various Brands ASA (Local Brazillian Comoany), also segmented market by geo-demographic and currently targeting Low income consumers in NE. ASA positioned its brand (Invicto) in market by focusing the low income consumers. Invicto is one of the key competitor of Campeiro in low income consumer segment. After analysing the complete market situation, I found that currently PG is the most active player of the market though PGs market share is not much high (As they acquired all the three brands this year.). So I think PG will give very tough competition to Unilever in a long run. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is the method of understanding Internal and External Environment of an organization (Kotler 2000, Page 46 and Solomon et al, 2009 p.66). SWOT analysis of Unilever provides a summary of Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths Threats Opportunities WeaknessesInternal Environments External Environments Diagram 1: SWOT Analysis Internal Environment Strengths Good Market reputation with 75% market share. High quality products Differentiated Products Brand Awareness Weaknesses Demographic market Segmentation Weak distribution system Lack of Expertise in Customer relationship Management Week RD and marketing expertise External Environment Opportunities NE is a very high potential market (48 million). NE detergent powder Market is growing by 17% annual growth. Unilever can capture NE low income market to enter first in it. Increase in purchasing power of poorest 10% consumers. Brazilian government providing tax incentives for encouraging investment in NE. NE women wash clothes more frequent then SE, so it leads to higher consumption. Threats Economic downturn might affect the growth and sales. PGs RD and Marketing Expertise Cannibalization Local NE detergent manufacturers. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Diagram 2: Distribution of Social Classes Northeast Southeast Unilever had segmented the complete Brazilian market into two segments based on location and Income (demographic Segmentation). (Solomon et al, 2009 p.215-220) But I think Unilever need to create a new segment that will focus consumer in Social class E- E+, because we have 53% (25.44 million) in NE and 21% (25.62 million) in SE. Both the region is having equal number of low income consumers (as per percentage of total population in region). So this new segmentation will target not only NE low income consumer but SEs low income consumers as well (30% (50.70 Million) of Overall Brazil population). Table 5: Distribution of population as per social classes [Source: Exhibit 2 : Unilever in Brazil Case Study] Targeting Market Till now Unilever is a Market leader by targeting High Income Consumer segment (SE). For entering into Low income consumer market, Unilever need to prepare and implement a new targeting strategy because its a very huge market segment (53% NE and 21% SE). So what will be the Unilevers possible targeting strategy? Igor Ansoff (1957) in his study on Strategies of Diversification suggested a marketing tool (Market growth Matrix) and as per Ansoffs market growth matrix, Unilever is having two potential options out of four: Unilever is targeting new market segment, so option 12 automatically neglected. (Ansoff, 1957 p.113) Existing Product New Product Market Penetration Diversification Market Development Product Development Unilever can launch a Completely New Product in NE after RD and according to NE customers need. Unilever can Re-position existing brands or launch brand from existing international portfolio. Market. Diagram 3: Ansoffs Market Growth Matrix [Adapted and modified from Ansoff ,(1965), Corporate Strategy ,Page 109.] Existing Product in Existing Market (Market Penetration) Unilever is already having 87% (National Average is 81%) market share in SE with three brands. New Product in Existing Market (Product Development) Unilever is a market leader in SE higher Income segment, so no need to launch Ala. Existing Product in New Market (Market Development) Market Development can be the best strategy for Unilever in current scenario because Unilever is already having a good brand image in NE. Unilevers main challenge is to develop a market and try to change the washing habit of Low Income consumers by shifting them to detergent powder from laundry soap. New Product in New Market (Diversification) Diversification is the most risky option compared to the others because we are moving into the market with a New Product in which company is having very little or no experience. Market Penetration Product Development Market Development Diversification Low Risk High Risk Diagram 4: Risk associated with Market strategies In the current situation Unilever should choose the 3rd Option (Market Development), because Unilevers existing market (SE) is already developed with 87% Market Share (Option 12) and currently Unilever is looking for expand his business in NE and to capture low income consumer in SE as well. What all options are currently available to Unilever in Market development? Positioning the Product (Marketing Mix) Positioning Positioning New Brand in NE market by fulfilling customers need Distribution Specialized Distribution High availability Price Low Price (affordable) Product Fulfill NE Consumers need Good Smell Low Price High Quality Promotion TV Advertisements Sponsoring local Events Sample distribution Diagram 5: Marketing Mix [Adapted and modified from Ansoff , Lars Perner, 2010 http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Segmentation.html.] Product Strategies Unilever is having four options to position Product in NE market. Brand Extension of Omo (A cheaper version of Omo): It is a very risky option and will lead to high cannibalization. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.290) Re-positioning Minerva: It can be an option but Minerva is a bit costly product ($2.40 WP) for Low income consumers and reducing price and compromising in Quality can damage a brand image and lead to cannibalization. Re-positioning/Brand Extension Campeiro: Camperio is available in the market since 1984 and having just 6% market share. It is currently positioned as a Cheap Low Quality product in NE consumers, so Re-positioning of Campeiro is very time taking and a costly affair. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.228) Introduce a brand from the international portfolio: Without taking risk with existing brands, this can be a potential option for Unilever to introduce a new brand from its international portfolio like Nevex, Ala or Marsella (Latin America). I think It can be Ala (Means WING in Portuguese), only brand that is having a meaningful name. Ala can be positions between Minerva and Campeiro in terms of quality and below Campeiro in terms of price by effective marketing planning. Since NE consumers like Omo very much and currently use detergent powder just for good smell, so the fragrance of the Ala should be same as Omo and if possible Unilever should launch Ala in 2 or 3 different fragrances. Alas Packaging should be Proper, Attractive and cost effective packaging. Ala should be available in the market in a pack of 1kg, 500gm in both cardboard pack and plastic pack (Save detergent from moisture) and 250 gm 100gm in plastic sachets. Plastic sachet cost just 30% of Cardboard pack, so Unilever can offer consumers an additional quantity in plastic bags in same price. Ala will be priced between $1.5 and $1.6 per Kg, so we can easily offer an extra 20% to 25% quantity in plastic bags as Cardboard box cost $0.35 and Plastic Pack $0.10. (Solomon et al, 2009 p. 307 and Kotler, 2009 p.195) Table 6: Product Packing Matrix *Extra Quantity on plastic bag because of low cost of packaging Consumers always get attracted by special offers and additional quantity of product and since Unilever is the pioneer in the market, it will help Unilever to achieve good market share. While launching Ala, we can give some introductory offers like buy 1kg and get 500gm and 2kg and get 1kg free. Pricing Strategies Currently Unilever has priced (Whole Sale) product Omo with 22.45%, Minerva with 11.63% and Campeiro with 9.68% profit. Ala will also be priced with 9.15% (Approx) profit to wholesalers at $1.55 (Approx) that will be the lowest priced detergent powder available in the market as per the data available in case study. Best quality product in the lowest cost will be the USP for this Ala. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.370-374) Table 7: Cost Profit Calculation Matrix [Source: Exhibit 10 : Unilever in Brazil Case Study] Plastic Sachet packing reduces total cost of production by 25%, but NE consumers are having special attachment with boxes and Plastic Sachet Packed Product is assumed as low quality product. So we will introduce Ala in both box and plastic sachet packing where on the latter we give 25% extra quantity. Table 8: Profit difference in Box Sachet Packing *will offer 25% extra quantity Promotion Strategies Currently Unilevers promotion strategy is 70% above-the-line and 30% below-the-line. But for Ala it need to be changed to 40% above-the-line and 60% below-the- line, as low income consumers more attracted and relies on word of mouth publicity, small shop displays, holdings, sample distribution, free gifts etc. But moving towards below-the-line promotion not only Unilever can achieve better results in a low income consumer market but can also save money on promotions. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.37, 398-406) Ala should be promoted with the key messages like best quality, good smell, Care, Pride and self esteem. Ala will Packed in colorful box and sachet with the indication of quality and good fragrance by showing flowers etc. Point of purchase also need to be modified accordingly because several time consumer make decision changes by viewing point of purchase promotion and shopkeepers advice. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.167) Shopkeepers also need to be taken in confidence by providing credit and incentive. Target Audience (Women between 20 -50 years) Budget and Promotion Objective ($0.20/kg and Emotional appeal (Like Care, Pride and Good Smell) Designing Advertisement Media Type (TV, Outdoor Advertising, Public Relations and Sales Promotion by sample distribution, shop displays etc). Evaluation of Promotion Diagram 6: Promotional Strategy development [Adapted and modified from Solomon et al ,(2009), Marketing Real People Real Decesion ,Page 109.] Distribution Strategies The most important thing to make any product successful and to increase revenue, sales and market share is a good distribution system. You cant sell, what isnt there7 (Solomon et al, 2009, Page 494) With the Ala, Unilever is targeting to gain business in a low income consumer market that will be possible only when the product will be available on traditional retail shops (Main point of purchase for Low income consumers). For targeting the high income consumers in the big supermarket Unilevers current distribution system is well sufficient but to target low income consumers Unilever should take help from specialized distributors as well. (Solomon et al, 2009 p.498-500) Unilever need to make some changes in the distribution system by creating the proper mix of Generalist Specialized distributors, so the product will be available at as many as locations possible. New distribution mix can be applied in SE as well because there are also 21% of low income consumers. New distribution system will not only captures more ground area but also reduce the cost of distribution.

William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 Essay examples -- Shakespeare Sonnet

Keeping love alive is not easy. One knows that life eventually comes to an end, but does love? Time passes and days must end. It is in "Sonnet 18", by Shakespeare, that we see a challenge to the idea that love is finite. Shakespeare shows us how some love is eternal and will live on forever in comparison to a beautiful summer's day. Shakespeare has a way of keeping love alive in "Sonnet 18", and he uses a variety of techniques to demonstrate how love is more brilliant and everlasting than a summer's day. The first technique Shakespeare uses to demonstrate everlasting love is to ask the question "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" (1) This leads the reader to consider other questions. Is love as bright and beautiful as a summer's day? Is the person the speaker is admiring as lovely and as kind as a summer's day? These questions are answered in the second line with "Thou art more lovely and more temperate." This shows that the person the speaker is admiring is more beautiful, calm and understanding than a summer's day. The summer is inferior to the person being admired, and the speaker's love for this person is everlasting. If anyone has every experienced a beautiful summer's day he or she will see that the trees will shake from the wind. Leaves do eventually fall from the once lively buds of spring. Shakespeare also uses the technique of imagery to develop his idea of love in line three: "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May." With this Shakespeare is telling us that though the winds of a summer shake the trees beauty, it will not shake the internal feelings of love from the speaker. Summer days are limited; they are short and soon will come to an end. Every year summer ends. Yes, it may begin again next year bu... ...agree with the sonnet and its final couplet. This structure, along with the iambic pentameters stressed and unstressed syllables engage the reader on the argument Shakespeare reaches for everlasting love. he structure of a Shakespearian sonnet aids in the emphasis of everlasting love. This also provides the reader to correctly read the sonnet as Shakespeare intended. Shakespeare has chosen the sonnet forms to develop his idea of everlasting love with questions, imagery, metaphors, rhyme schemes, and structure. Without these techniques we would not be able to gain the correct perspective that the beauty of love prevails over the beauty of nature; also how nature is not permanent and the sonnet will be everlasting. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 18." Introduction to literature. Ed. Isobel M Findlay et al. 5th ed. Canada: Thomson Nelson, 2004. 133-134.

Globalization and Social Inequality

Introduction Social inequality is an issue that is much debated today within the social sciences, as well as other disciplines. Although very few would deny that social inequality exists and has always existed in human societies, it is not always clear through what mechanisms it manifests itself, along what lines it progresses, and how we can make life better for those affected by global inequalities. The question remains whether or not the world that we live in today is more equal than what people have experienced in the past. Although some might argue that Western development brings with it more equal rights, it is doubtful that this is actually the case. In recent years, we have witnessed a phenomenon called globalization which is, in short, a â€Å"widening and deepening of the international flows of trade, capital, technology and information within a single integrated global market (Petras and Veltmeyer 2001, p11).† Globalization has brought with it significant changes in the way peop le and nations relate to one another. In many cases, it has created new patterns of inequality, as well as reinforced old ones. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the effects of globalization and critically analyse them. I will argue that currently we do not live in a more equal world and neither are we moving towards greater equality. Rather, I argue that, through globalization, inequalities are exacerbated due to capitalism and the unequal flow of markets. This paper will look at how inequalities have evolved over the last two hundred years, why they have occurred, and how the pattern of inequality looks like today. Kaplinsky (2005, p 28) and Jolly (2005) note that as early as 1776, economists such as Adam Smith became preoccupied with the issue of poverty and its consequences on inequality. During the 18th and the 19th century in England it was well-known that for every handful of rich aristocrats there were hundreds or even thousands of poor people. With the advance of industrialization, poverty only deepened (Jolly 2005). Karl Marx illustrated the problem perfectly by outlining the issue of the bourgeoisie owning the means of production, while workers sell their labour for minimal wages. Petras and Veltmeyer (2001, p 128) also stress that historically, a minority ruling class have used coercion and social institutions to control exploited people. Until the present day, this situation has not changed very much. Moreover, during the past decades, the disparities between the global North and South have become more and more evident, partly due to globalization. The movement of capital and trading agreements have mostly benefitted the developed countries, while the developing ones are forced to create economies that cater to the needs of the West. As Birdsall (2005, p 2) notes, â€Å"global markets are inherently disequalizing, making rising inequality in developing countries more rather than less likely.† This shows that we are not moving towards a more equal world. Moreover, even wealthy countries, such as the U.S. experience growing poverty rates within their own borders (Dillon 2010). Dillon (2010, p 60) stresses that â€Å"economic inequality has in fact grown since the late 1980s, as has the gap between the highest and the lowest income groups,† while Butler and Watt (2007, p 112) even call poverty rates in the U.S. â€Å"extreme.† It is evident from these accounts that unfortunately, unless measures will be taken, inequality will increase and dreams of an equal world are moving farther away. The reality is that we live in an unequal world. There is an abundance of social issues that are caused by widespread inequality. Discrimination today manifests itself through the lines of class, gender, race, age, nationality, and other factors. Due to length limitations, this paper mostly focuses on economic inequalities. These are especially poignant when we look at the way people live in underdeveloped countries. This is a direct consequence of colonialism and the quest of the Western world to expand and develop their economic system. However, the expansion of the markets rewards only those who have more assets, such as financial and human capital (Birdsall 2005, p 3). Also, poor nations cannot attract investment and diversification, without a stable middle class and economic institutions. Consequently, the price of their exports declines and they fail to grow (Birdsall 2005, p 3). This is just an example of how globalization reinforces inequality. If markets are let to operate f reely, as they do today, the world will become more unequal. Underdeveloped countries have not become more equal since interaction with the West has intensified. Beer and Boswell (2002, p 31) also stress that â€Å"disproportionate control over host economies by transnational corporations increases inequality by altering the development patterns of these nations.† Although some might think that international corporations can improve a developing country’s economy, this is not necessarily true. It is evident then, that the path that is nowadays advocated by many here in the Western world, does not serve the purpose of a more equal world. On the contrary, it exacerbates global inequalities. The causes of growing inequality in today’s world are diverse and often not very easy to identify. However, the main cause might be the capitalist system that has spread internationally, oftentimes to the benefit of few and the exploitation of many. Trade between rich and poor nations creates patterns of dependency and unequal exchanges, leading to high income inequalities between the two (Beer and Boswell 2002, p 33). Despite the current emphasis on trade agreements and flows of trade that increasingly deepen, time and time again it has been stressed that this process creates inequalities and is detrimental to developing countries. In addition, the markets often fail. Some notable examples are the financial crises in Mexico, Thailand, Korea, Russian, Brazil and Argentina that took place in the 1990s (Birdsall 2005). Also, when a recession hits, the lower classes are the most affected. In turn, this leads to even greater inequalities between the rich and the poor. There are many mechanisms through which capital and the markets contribute to a less equal world in our present time. Investment often causes disparities between foreign and domestic sectors. Also, international corporations usually do not reinvest profits in the local economies. Governments in developing countries adopt policies that prevent the lower classes from moving upwards, while at the same time they encourage the formation of a â€Å"managerial elite (Beer and Boswell 2002, p 33).† For those concerned about equality, it is alarming that neither foreign investors nor local governments fully understand the consequences of their actions. If this kind of policies will keep being implemented, levels of inequality will certainly increase. As Petras and Veltmeyer (2001) note, the politics of the Western Right are also at fault for the direction towards which we are heading. They say that the Right engages in â€Å"class warfare† through privatization and the concentr ation of power in the hands of few (Petras and Veltmeyer 2001, p 148). Thus, social institutions, as well as economic policies serve the interests of wealthy corporations. The focus of present neoliberal politics is not to decrease income disparities, but to increase the wealth of the few. Staying on the same course guarantees that the world will become less and less equal. I have argued that we do not live and a more equal world. On the contrary, the globalization of markets has had a negative impact on the livelihoods of many. The effects of capitalism had started being seen a long time ago. Income disparities always existed between those who own the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the workers that work in their factories. The income gap between the lower class and the upper class increased steadily with time. In addition, global exploration and colonization has led to even greater disparities between the West and the colonies. Under the current system, developing countries find it almost impossible to reach the same level of wealth and stability as Western countries. However, even developed countries have growing poverty rates within their own borders. These rates have been increasing over the past years, while the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. The world is becoming a less equal place. The free flow of markets and an unregu lated capitalist system are mainly to blame for income inequalities. Poor nations have become dependent on rich nations and economic crises affect lower classes the most. With both corporations and national governments driven by profit, no one looks at the long-term effects that trade has on inequality. Moreover, the rise of neoliberal politics in the West encourages the maintenance of the same pattern of increased inequality and dependency. Despite the optimism of some, the truth is that globalization, as it is occurring today, is only increasing disparities between classes, between nations, and between the global North and South. The evidence shows that the world is at least as unequal as it was two hundred years ago. Current economic policies will only serve to make it less and less equal. If drastic measures are not taken soon, there is little hope that our world will become a more equitable place. References Butler, T. and Watt, P. 2007. Understanding Social Inequality. London: Sage. Beer, L. and Boswell, T. 2002. The resilience of dependency effects in explaining income inequality in the global economy: a cross national analysis, 1975-1995. Journal of World Systems Research, 8(1), pp.30-61. Birdsall, N. 2006. Rising inequality in the new global economy. International Journal of Development Issues, 5(1), pp.1-9. Dillon, M. 2010. Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, concepts and their applicability to the twenty-first century. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Jolly, R. 2005. Global inequality in historical perspective. WIDER (World Institute for Development Economic Research) Angle, 2. Kaplinski, R. 2005. Globalization, Poverty and Inequality: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Cambridge: Polity.

Wars essays

Wars essays There are a number of articles currently being written about the War in Iraq. It is interesting to look at an article by Niall Ferguson and determine whether or not to agree with it. America's current presence in Iraq is chillingly similar to the events which occurred in 1920 when Britain "drove the Ottoman Turks out of the country. The United States has attempted an outright regime change' in Iraq, which is comparable to what Britain attempted by being liberators in 1920 (Ferguson)." During both instances, the opposing forces have "consisted of undisciplined militias (Ferguson)." Religious foundations were the origins of both wars, however they soon "transcended the country's ancient ethnic and sectarian divisions (Ferguson)." The parallels between 1920 and today also include demonstrations against the British and Americans, revolts, violence, communication interference, and the taking of hostages. "Then as now, much of the violence was symbolic than strategically significant - British bodies were mutilated, much as American bodies were at Falluja (Ferguson)." It is important for all Americans to realize the similarities between 1920 and today. Both President Bush and Senator Kerry need to reacquaint themselves with the history of Iraq and remember the saying those who do not learn from the past are doomed to repeat it'. Mr. Ferguson's article provided an insightful look at the past, present and possible future for the people of Iraq. He points out that "Iraqis themselves will be the biggest losers if the United States cuts and runs. Fear of the wrong quagmire could consign them to a terrible hell (Ferguson)." These final thoughts about facing reality are easy for most Americans to agree with once they understand Iraq's history. Niall Ferguson's article "The Last Iraqi Insurgency" provided an ...

Alasia Hotel Resorts Companys Risk Management

Alasia Hotel Resorts Companys Risk Management Introduction Understanding risk and risk management in an organisation requires one to understand that risks are varied depending on the type of organization in question. Risk management is the system of strategies, policies and practices that minimize an organization’s exposure to risk, cushioning it against the effects of those risks (Investor Glossary 2011; McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Alasia Hotel Resorts Company’s Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To understand the nature of the dynamics of risk requires one to also consider the variety of business interests and business fields such as health, transport, finance and other (Hutter and Power 2005). Thus, risk management in the business environment assumes different perspectives depending n the organization and the risks in question. However, Hutter and Power (2005) adds that risk management is not something an organization chances to do, but should be a deliberate effort to prepare the organization to deal with future emergencies. Thus proper and effective risk management ensures that the future of the organization is assured. This does not however mean that organizations understand the nature and type of risks that they will encounter in the present and in the future. It means that organizations must implement the correct strategies to deal with dynamic risks as they arise and minimize their effect (Hutter Power 2005). Company outline Alasia Hotel Resorts (AHR) Alasia Hotel Resorts (AHR) is owned by Alexia Limited which was registered in 1984 as a private limited company. AHR is an exclusively full service establishment with fully owned hotels and resorts in these exceptional cities; Berlin, Frankfurt, Budapest, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Sydney and Hamburg. The company has also franchises in London, New York and Florida. It offers a variety off services and products, and c aters for individual, group and corporate clients on full board, half board and customized services. AHR has well established restaurants, coffee shops, bars, catering and cocktail lounges with full service personnel. AHR also offers accommodation services in our main resorts or condominiums with room and personalized services. Condominiums are only for private full board accommodation for small groups or families and guarantees all services offered at the he main hotels. All our large hotels also have exclusive retail shops such as gift shops, boutiques and chemists.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Our hotels and resorts offer other services such as beauty parlors, ballrooms, fitness centers, health amenities, laundry and valet service. Other than these, AHR also has the facilities for exhibit halls, seminars, conferences, private functions such as wedding and ot her types of meetings. To facilitate easy movement of clients, AHR has secured coaches and saloon cars available upon request. As Hutter and Power (2005) explains, risk management is a deliberate effort that is part of AHR’s core business; the same can be said of AHR. The nature of AHR’s business, deals with risks every day, therefore risk management is a core function in its daily operations. As such, risk management becomes the culture and therefore in the business practices at the company. The company has tailored its risk management to suit its business model, nature of business and other factors, such as future expectations (AS/NZS ISO 31000, 2009). The company has thus had to implement risk management strategies as well as processes and a criterion of evaluation to ensure that risk management procedures meet the necessary criteria. Risk management practices at AHR The Company has realized the potential danger of the risks that it is exposed to and as such has for med a risk management department whose membership incorporate all the departmental heads under the leadership of the Risk Evaluation And Management Officer whose is assisted by the company’s chief finance officer and chief operations officer. The mandate of this department is to device and implements best risk management practices. The following are some of the risk management practices implemented by the Risk Evaluation and Management Unit at AHR. The company’s risk management practices are based on Hubbard’s (2009) theory of calibrating and quantifying risks through actuarial science methods as well as creating a community for risk analysis. This helps to give accurate values of the value and effects of risks to then company and means that risk are quantified in terms of probabilities. The best alternative for each probability is quantified and recorded ready for implementation in case risk happens. The method is anticipatory and forwarded looking and more eff ective basis for dealing with respective risks. This theory provides the basis for implementation of the following risk management practicesAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Alasia Hotel Resorts Company’s Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human resource risk management Reducing the human resource risk involves a very comprehensive recruitment and selection exercise for the best employees, which is later accompanied by empowering the employees through comprehensive and continuous training and giving them the authority to solve any problem regarding any client issue. Training program also includes leadership development; equipping all employees with leadership skills improves accountability (Enz and Siguaw 2010). This greatly improves the employee’s skills and knowledge thus ensures high productivity levels are maintained. It also encourages non-performers to seek career prospects elsewhe re thus reduces non-productivity risk that would have arisen. For long term commitment the company has implemented an attractive compensation for employees who engage on long term basis (Huselid 1995). Compensation for performing employees includes vacation in one of the international hotel for employee and their immediate families, paid leaves, allowances for extra time duties, among other packages. The objective of this management practice is to improve employee morale and productivity while empowering them to offer satisfactory services to guests and thus ensure that guest are satisfied with AHR’s services. Financial risk management Minimizing financial risk involves controlling the company’s revenue and income by calculating the equilibrium pricing and controls. Because the company operates in various countries, its finances rare also exposed to foreign exchange rates fluctuation (Prindl 1978). Managing the forex rate fluctuations, the company has identified a repo rting currency, US dollar, in which it converts all its assets. This decision is based on the concept of the stability of the US dollar and its universality, which makes financing its international operations easier. Alasia transacts its daily international business through a pre-agreed exchange rate that is not affected by any variation in foreign exchange rates. As such, the company profit margins are insured against any loss. The company and the Risk Evaluation and Management Unit came up with the following equation for hedging;Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More h=E-1 Where E is equal to the amount of foreign exchange exposure risk and varies from 0 to 1. If total hedging is done, the amount of E will be equal to 0 and thus not sensitive to any fluctuations in foreign exchange (Kroner and Sultan 1993). Managing insurance premiums The company has also engaged in insuring all its assets for any loss of value and damage. Depreciating assets such furniture, kitchenware and vehicles have been well insured and thus any loss of value is compensated. Other than this, the nature of the business as well as the international political climate exposes the company to rising insurance premiums. This affects the company revenues. As such, the company has integrated a training program for all its employees in risk reduction. This is aimed at helping reduce claims and as such has kept the insurance premium rates for the hotel relatively low. The company entered into agreement with its underwriter for discounted insurance premiums if the company manages its claims. Negotiations are in their final stages and this arrangement is expected to come into force soon (Hill 2004). Effective risk management practices Hedging One of the most effective risk management practices the company is the hedging that incorporates the value and nature of assets. This means that the company incorporates the value of the asset in determining the hedging value. As such, the asset value is part of part of calibrating the hedging ratio (Kroner and Sultan 1993). Hedging has also seen the group run its international business efficiently without incurring any losses associated with changing forex rates. As such the company has managed to make long term plans for its international business operations (Chowdhry d Howe 1999). The company has seen the rise of its hedged assets such as franchises and other outsourced services like chattered flight for its clients. As such, the company has seen its international business operations done at optimal rates and therefore sw ells the company’s profits margins. Insurance and its benefits Hedging may not guarantee the protection of the company’s physical assets, thus the insurance policy against loss of value is a novel idea. It ensures that the company’s loss in the value of its company depreciating assets such as vehicles, furniture and others is easily recovered is recovered during liquidation. As such, the company’s capital investment is protected against loss as well as guaranteeing better returns in investment. As such, these make the company more fluid in increasing its acquisition and replacement of such assets (Gustavo and Stavros 2011). Ineffective risk management practices Some of the practices in the company’s risk management have not been effective and may not necessarily reduce the effects of risks to the company. Such activities as managing the insurance premiums are not sustainable. This is because the causes of the said rising in insurance premiums are e xternal and outside the group sphere of influence. Such issues as terrorism affect global travel therefore forcing people to stay in their homes and avoid such risk. In effect of the rising threat, the underwriter automatically appreciates insurance premiums due to the increased threat as such situations are not covered by discounted rate agreement. As such, the hotel industry suffers most damage when such threats are high (Hill 2004). The group has one of the best recruitment exercises in the market. It helps in establishing the best quality workforce for the company. It guarantees that the company hires the best brains in very field. However, the exercise ignores one of the fundamental aspects of human resource development, which is developing and growing its own human resource through internship and apprenticeship. Apprenticeship is a very efficient method of grooming potential replacements as well as ensuring a reservoir of workers in a company as well as tapping the best talent while still raw and developing it to fit into a company’s needs (Enz and Siguaw 2010; Huselid 1995). Lastly, the company is not entirely secured by establishing the dollar as the principle currency of trade. The dollar despite being a relatively stable currency is not immune to fluctuation. Due to the company’s large volumes of trade, even the slightest negative change in the value of the dollar will affect the company’s income (Kroner, and Sultan 1993). Recommendations To improve its risk management practices, the company should consider the following recommendations; Alternative currency The most viable option to cushion this effect is to establish an alternative currency such as the Euro as its principle currency of trade, which the company will use to conduct business with, should the dollar fluctuate significantly (Prindl 1978; Malevergne Sornette 2006). Workplace issues The company’s human resource risk management practice is very efficient in man aging how employees work. However, it does vaguely cover employees’ claims concerning harassment, discrimination as well as other workplace issues. As such, the company should keep a regularly updated company policy on discrimination and train all employees on policies concerning these issues and how to avoid them at the work place (Hill 2004). Insurance industries research The insurance industry is also so unpredictable and as such company risk losing their investment when an underwriter is dissolved. To reduce this risk the company should conduct a research on possible insurers based on the highest claims rating. More important, the company should engage insurers who have the best solvency ratings (Hill 2004). Reference List AS/NZS ISO 31000., 2009, Risk management principles and guidelines. Sydney: Standards Australia. Enz , C., Siguaw, J., 2010. The human dimension: a review of human resources  Management issues in the tourism and hospitality industry Cornell Hotel an d Restaurant Administration Quarterly May Web. Hill, J., 2004. Right this way! Hotels make room for risk management. Web. Available at  https://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-coverstory/2004/08/23/45573.htm [13, March 2011]. Hubbard, D., 2009. The failure of risk management: why it is broken and how to fix it. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Hutter, B., Power, M., 2005, Organizational encounters with risk. New York: Cambridge University Press. Huselid, M., 1995. The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover,  Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance. The Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 38, No. 3. Kroner, K. , Sultan J., 1993. Time-varying distributions and dynamic hedging with  Foreign currency futures. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 28. Malevergne, Y., Sornette, D., 2006. Extreme financial risk: From dependence to risk  management. New York. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, R., 2005, Qu antitative risk management. New Jersey: Price Town University Press. Prindl, A., 1978. Foreign Exchange Risk. The Journal of Risk and Insurance. Vol. 45, No. 4.

Law - Juvenile Delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - Juvenile Delinquents - Essay Example In 2008, 180,100 juvenile arrests were made in relation to drug violations, which consisted of 15 percent of total juvenile arrests that year (Puzzanchera, 2009). These statistics further highlight that this is a seven percent reduction in drug-related arrests between 2007 and 2008. At the same time, drug violation arrests represented 11 percent of total juvenile arrests. The majority of drug-related arrests consisted of male violators compared to females. In 1994, drug violations with male offenders suddenly spiked, but have remained relatively steady since 2002 with only marginal declines year-on-year. For female violators, drug abuse arrests have also remained essentially steady since 1997, after a sudden spike in arrests around 1993, with marginal decreases year-by-year. In 2008, the states of Illinois, Maryland, and Wyoming maintained the highest arrest rates in the country (Puzzanchera, 2009). In relation to assault arrests, the volume of juvenile arrest for simple assaults rec ognized no increase or decrease from 2007 (Puzzanchera, 2009). ... For males, per 100,000 arrests, simple assault arrests were approximately totaled approximately 900. Despite male declines from 1999, 2008’s arrest records illustrate that simple assaults are dominated by male juvenile offenders. In relation to total 2008 arrests, males more than females were the most prominent offenders in all categories of violations, with 70 percent male and 30 percent female. Robbery and murder were dominated by blacks in relation to arrests made for whites and other ethnic groups for these violations. The Violent Crime Index indicates that blacks juvenile arrests were 500 percent of white juvenile arrests from 2004-2008. This has significant implications for the black ethnic group as the entire juvenile population in America in 2008 consisted of 78 percent white and only 16 percent black. Asian/Pacific Islanders made up only five percent of the juvenile population in 2008, while American Indians represented only a marginal one percent of the population. W ith these extreme ratios of approximately 5:1 for violent crime arrests between blacks and whites respectively, this indicates a potential justice abiding problem or social problem with the black population that only makes up 16 percent of the total 2008 juvenile population. Female robbery arrest rates increased 51 percent from 2002 to 2008. At the same time, the female aggravated assault arrest rates increased 80 percent from 1980 to 2008, though this was a 17 percent drop from 1999 to 2008. Larceny-theft, considered a violent crime by the Department of Justice, showed marked increases in female juvenile offenders of four percent, while male juvenile counterparts showed a large 29 percent decrease between 1999 and 2008.

Philosophy - Article oppression by Irish Young - response

Philosophy - oppression by Irish Young - response - Article Example Exploitation generally depicts the conflicts between and haves and have-nots. It is a major trade union issue of all times, as most of the workers’ unions think that the management is their permanent enemy and the workers need to be in war with it always. In the extreme form of unionism, productivity is lost sight of, resulting in grievous loss to the economy. The working class also suffers in the long run. Marginalization is about those sections that are unable to bear with the stiff competition in the labor market due to variety of factors like loss of employment due to recession, disabilities, racial discrimination, etc. Powerlessness is about the plight of the workers, especially those who are unskilled and are unable to tap the alternative sources of employment due to lack of educational qualifications. Such classes of workers have neither autonomy nor authority and have less chances of improving their job prospectus. They have to carry on with the available facilities. Cultural Dominance refers to the dominance of one group over the other that goes in tandem with cultural expressions and interpretations on the basis of history. Iris Marion Young argues about such attitudes in her book â€Å"Justice and the Politics of Difference, â€Å"The Hebrews are oppressed in Egypt, and many users of the term oppression in West invoke this paradigm.†(41) Violence dominates over a big canvas of societal life. State sanctioned violence, racial segregation, harassment to women in workplace, are some of the prominent examples of oppression in these areas. In this materialistic world impacted by industrial and internet revolutions, Iris Young has correctly assessed the aspects related to various types of oppressions and the anguish they cause in the day to day life of the people in the concerned segments as stated above. Attitudinal differentiation on the basis of sex is the hallmark of societal interactions. In